Who replaced flat scenery with three-dimensional structures and pioneered stage lighting techniques?

The individual who replaced flat scenery with three-dimensional structures and pioneered stage lighting techniques is Adolphe Appia. His innovative approach transformed theatrical design by moving away from the traditional two-dimensional painted scenery and toward a more dynamic use of three-dimensional elements on stage. Appia believed that the physical space of the stage and the three-dimensionality of the scenery could enhance the emotional impact of the performance.

In addition to his contributions to set design, Appia also made significant advancements in stage lighting, advocating for its use to create mood and depth. He understood that lighting could shape the audience's perception by highlighting certain elements of the performance and creating a more immersive environment.

This innovative vision laid the groundwork for modern theatrical staging and lighting design, influencing countless designers after him. His work marked a significant shift in how theatre produced visual storytelling, which remains effective in contemporary practices.